ACC/AHA Blood Pressure Guideline: Current Classification System and Treatment Targets

SUMMARY:

Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for the development of CVD, including CAD, HF, AFib, Stroke, Dementia, CKD and all-cause mortality.

The USPSTF, based on high certainty regarding net benefit, “recommends screening for hypertension in adults 18 years or older with office blood pressure measurement. The USPSTF recommends obtaining blood pressure measurements outside of the clinical setting for diagnostic confirmation before starting treatment. (grade A recommendation)”.

The ACC/AHA guideline, representing the work of several professional bodies and based upon hundreds of studies, provides the thresholds, definitions and management for high blood pressure in adults in the US. Lower BP targets continue to be a focus and remain the same as the previous guidance. An important change from the previous recommendations is the inclusion of the PREVENT calculator (see ‘Learn More – Primary Sources’ below). Cuffless devices (e.g., smartwatches) are not recommended for BP evaluation. Another important update includes the management of severe hypertension in nonpregnant individuals, defined as blood pressure >180/120 mm Hg. In the absence of acute target organ damage, outpatient treatment is appropriate. For more details regarding the changes, see the JAMA Expert Review: What to Know About the New Blood Pressure Guidelines in the ‘Learn More – Primary Sources’ below.

The document states

The overarching blood pressure treatment goal is <130/80 mm Hg for all adults, with additional considerations for those who require institutional care, have a limited predicted lifespan, or are pregnant

The ACC/AHA Task Force Classification System

Systolic <120 mmHg and Diastolic <80 mmHg: NORMAL BP

Healthy lifestyle choices
Yearly check-ups

Systolic 120 to 129 mmHg and Diastolic <80 mmHg: ELEVATED BP

Healthy lifestyle changes
Reassess in 3 to 6 months

Systolic 130 to 139 mmHg or 80 to 89 mmHg: STAGE 1

Initiate treatment in patients with clinical CVD | previous stroke | diabetes | CKD | 10-year predicted CV risk ≥ 7.5% defined by PREVENT calculator (see ‘Learn More’ below)
- 10-year heart disease and stroke risk assessment 3-to-6-month trial of lifestyle changes and persistent elevation of average blood pressure

≥140 mmHg or ≥90 mmHg: HIGH BP – STAGE 2

Lifestyle changes
Initiation of therapy with 2 different classes of medications in a combination pill to improve adherence and reduce time to BP control
Monthly follow-up until BP is under control utilizing ambulatory monitoring and frequent interactions with multidisciplinary clinic team members e.g. RNs, pharmacists, medical assistants, etc.
Do not rely on cuffless devices including smartwatches due lack of precision and reliability
If BP ≥160/100 mm Hg: Treat promptly, monitor carefully and adjust medication dose upward as necessary to achieve control

Additional Hypertension Classifications

‘White Coat’ hypertension

Elevated BP in the office but not outside the office
Checking for ‘White Coat’ hypertension using either daytime Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) or Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM) is “reasonable” if
- Office SBP is >130 but <160 mm Hg or
- Office diastolic BP (DBP) >80 but <100 mm Hg and
- Patient has failed to improve with 3 months of lifestyle modification

‘Masked’ hypertension

Elevated BP out-of-office but not in-office
Checking for ‘masked’ hypertension with daytime ABPM or HBPM is “reasonable if”
- Office SBP is 120 to 129 and DBP is <80 while not on antihypertensive medications or
- If patient is on antihypertensive therapy with office SPB of 120 to 129 and DBP is <80, and they have high risk comorbidities such as CKD, >10% risk of stroke, or signs of hypertension related end organ damage

Severe hypertension

Severe hypertension: SBP ≥180 mmHg or DBP ≥120 mmHg with end organ damage (e.g., pulmonary edema, cardiac ischemia, neurologic deficits, acute renal failure, aortic dissection, and eclampsia is termed hypertensive emergency. This is a medical emergency that requires hospital care.
If no evidence of end organ damage can manage in ambulatory setting with close follow up
Blood pressure should not be decreased abruptly to prevent cerebral hypoperfusion

Resistant hypertension

Uncontrolled BP despite treatment with ≥3 antihypertensive agents of different classes (one of which is usually a diuretic)

The ACC/AHA task force also recommends the following as cut offs for hypertension when using at home BP measurements: >110/>65 mmHg for nighttime mean and >125/>75 mmHg for 24hr mean.

KEY POINTS:

Risk Factors

Genetic predisposition
- Complex polygenic disorder
- Rarely single gene disorder (e.g. Liddle’s or Gordon’s syndrome)
Environmental Risk Factors
- Overweight and Obesity
- Sodium Intake
- Potassium
  - Higher levels appear to blunt sodium effect on BP
  - Lower sodium/potassium ratio may reduce risk of CVD
- Physical fitness
  - Even modest levels of physical activity is associated with a decrease in the risk of incident hypertension
- Alcohol
  - In US, may account for 10% of BP burden
  - Also associated with higher HDL and at modest intake range, lower risk for CHD when compared to abstinence

Non-pharmacological Interventions

Weight loss
- Goal: Optimum goal is ideal body weight but can expect 1mm Hg for every 1kg reduction
Diet
- DASH diet: Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, reduced saturated and total fat
- Other diets with supportive evidence
  - Low in calories from carbohydrates
  - High-protein diets
  - Vegetarian diets
  - Mediterranean dietary pattern
- Sodium: Goal <1500 mg/d, but aim for at least a 1000mg/d reduction
- Potassium: Goal 3500 to 5000 mg/d, preferably through diet
Exercise – Recommend structured exercise program
- Aerobic: 90 to 150 min/wk; 65% to 75% heart rate reserve
- Dynamic resistance and Isometric resistance also shown to lower BP
Alcohol Reduction (drink = 12 oz regular beer [5% alc] / 5 oz wine [12% alc] / 1.5 oz distilled spirits [40% alc])
- Women: ≤ 1 drink per day
- Men: ≤ 2 drink per day

Taking a BP

Prep
- Avoid caffeine, exercise, smoking at least 30 minutes before
- Empty bladder
- No talking while measurement is taken
- Remove clothing covering cuff placement
- Patient should sit on chair, feet on floor and back supported for > 5 min before taking pressure (not lying or sitting on an exam table)
Technique
- Validated device
- Support arm
- Middle of cuff on upper arm at level of atrium (midpoint of the sternum)
- Cuff size: Bladder should encircle 80% of the arm
- Can use either stethoscope diaphragm or bell
Taking the measurement
- First visit: Record BP in both arms and use arm with higher reading for subsequent measurements
- Separate measurement by 1 to 2 minutes
- To estimate systolic BP, use radial pulse obliteration and then inflate cuff 20 to 30 mmHg higher
- Deflate cuff pressure 2 mmHg per second and listen for Korotkoff sounds
  - Systolic BP: First Korotkoff sound
  - Diastolic BP: Disappearance of all Korotkoff sounds
  - Use nearest even number
- Note time of most recent BP medication before taking measurements
Average the readings to estimate BP
- Use average of ≥ 2 readings obtained on ≥ 2 occasions

Note: The AHA has released a scientific statement that validated oscillometric devices allow accurate BP measurement in the outpatient setting, while reducing human errors associated with the auscultation.

Target BP Goal

Less than 130/80 for ALL adults
Special consideration for institutionalized patients | limited predicted lifespan | pregnant
Recommendation differs from ACP and AAFP goals
- ACP and AAFP < 150/90 for adults > 60 and <140/90 if high risk for MI | Stroke
- AAFP <140/90 for all adults <60 and possibly < 135/85 using shared decision making to further reduce risk of MI
- ACP <140/90 for all adults <60, even with diabetes or CKD

Note: You can find guideline summaries and links in ‘Learn More – Primary Sources’ section below

Oral Contraceptives and NSAIDs

Oral contraceptives and NSAIDs are listed as commonly used medications that may cause elevated BP
The ACC/AHA guideline recommends the following

OCPs

Use low-dose (e.g., 20 to 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol) agents or a progestin-only form of contraception, or consider alternative forms of birth control where appropriate (e.g., barrier, abstinence, IUD)
Avoid use in women with uncontrolled hypertension

NSAIDs